tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-60157233246050402382010-12-02T07:38:43.384-08:00Physics ExplorerThe Educational forum for Physics Teachers and StudentsMade Krisna Wisesa Yudahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524909912113873568blue.unicornboy@gmail.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015723324605040238.post-72852449347427056822010-11-29T00:03:00.000-08:002010-12-01T08:47:34.324-08:002010-12-01T08:47:34.324-08:00Ohm's Law<div class="fullpost"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="height: 47px; left: 0px; margin-left: 485px; margin-top: 147px; position: absolute; width: 59px; z-index: 1;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(1)</span></div></div></td> </tr>
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</tbody></table></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In order to produce current in a wire, an electric field must exits along the wire. This can be achieved by maintaining a potential difference between the two ends of the wire. Usually, the magnitude of the current flow in a conductor is proportional to the voltage difference between the two ends of the wire as the statement below. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">∞</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>I</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Under this condition we characterize the electrical behavior of the body, wire, by its resistance R, which is defined by the following formula, </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNdEi72SWI/AAAAAAAAAGs/LuMnxcCXXYU/s1600/Figure+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNdEi72SWI/AAAAAAAAAGs/LuMnxcCXXYU/s1600/Figure+1.JPG" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure (1): </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Simple resistive circuit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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<tr><td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2)</span></div></div></td> </tr>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 3pt;"><i>V = i R</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Where V is the voltage difference in volts, between the two ends of the wire, <i><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"></span></i><i>i</i> is current in amperes and R is a parameter called resistance in ohms. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNdp6PPTmI/AAAAAAAAAGw/JDe-QqFrZ3k/s1600/diagram.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Equation above is the well known as Ohm’s Law. The resistance of a conducting body can have any value between wide limits depending on the material type and geometry of the body. The resistance of a conducting body usually varies with temperature. Devices used in circuits to provide fixed resistance of known values are called resistors. Electrical energy is converted into heat when current flow through a resistor. Thus resistor is used as heaters elements. They are also used to control current and voltage in circuit. If the relation between the volt and current linear relation, for certain resistance, we call this resistance an ohmic resistance. Resistors are usually represented in the circuit diagram as</span><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNdp6PPTmI/AAAAAAAAAGw/JDe-QqFrZ3k/s1600/diagram.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNdp6PPTmI/AAAAAAAAAGw/JDe-QqFrZ3k/s1600/diagram.JPG" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The Ohm’s Law is obey the relationship that is shown as the graph below.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNeGVhulvI/AAAAAAAAAG0/NRdtqKR1Jmc/s1600/figure+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNeGVhulvI/AAAAAAAAAG0/NRdtqKR1Jmc/s320/figure+2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure (2): </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The graph of Ohm’s Law</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_1164005091" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNeV2YkXUI/AAAAAAAAAG4/eRC8S_lcoGI/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://adf.ly/BwrB"> Download Full PDF</a></span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6015723324605040238-7285244934742705682?l=physicsexplorer.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Made Krisna Wisesa Yudahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524909912113873568blue.unicornboy@gmail.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015723324605040238.post-31468409480474743012010-11-28T23:48:00.000-08:002010-11-28T23:48:14.969-08:002010-11-28T23:48:14.969-08:00Magnetic Fields Around Directly Electric Current<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><a href="" name="_Hlk278808787"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">From the beginning difficult to find a relationship between the magnet with electricity, the electricity we can distinguish between positive and negative electric field. But the magnet can not, if we cut the magnet to a very small then, we'll find north and south poles, we never get north and south poles separately. This striking difference is very difficult to determine the cause of the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Finally Hans Oersted discovered the relationship between electricity and magnetism, he accidentally discovered that a moving electric charge (in the form of electrical current) can find a magnetic field.</span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNaCqsFRYI/AAAAAAAAAGo/GBbsAGvU6hk/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNaCqsFRYI/AAAAAAAAAGo/GBbsAGvU6hk/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" /></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><a href="http://adf.ly/BwoG"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Download Full PDF </span></a></div></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6015723324605040238-3146840948047474301?l=physicsexplorer.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Made Krisna Wisesa Yudahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524909912113873568blue.unicornboy@gmail.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015723324605040238.post-28918944580776470112010-11-28T23:41:00.000-08:002010-12-01T08:48:14.954-08:002010-12-01T08:48:14.954-08:00Light Reffraction on Plan Parallel Glass<div class="fullpost"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="height: 49px; left: 0px; margin-left: 484px; margin-top: 191px; position: absolute; width: 79px; z-index: 1;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="49" style="vertical-align: top;" width="79"><span style="left: 145px; position: absolute; top: -61px; z-index: 1;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(1)</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">When a ray of light traveling through a transparent medium encounters a boundary leading into another transparent medium, as shown in Figure 35.10, part of the energy is reflected and part enters the second medium. The ray that enters the second medium is bent at the boundary and is said to be </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">refracted. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the refracted ray all lie in the same plane. The </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">angle of refraction </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">depends on the properties of the two media and on the angle of incidence through the relationship as follow:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNX6WSvqGI/AAAAAAAAAGM/-WqIMGv-U7g/s1600/Equation+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNX6WSvqGI/AAAAAAAAAGM/-WqIMGv-U7g/s1600/Equation+1.JPG" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">where </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">is the speed of light in the first medium and </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">is the speed of light in the second medium.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The path of a light ray through a refracting surface is reversible. For example, the ray shown in Figure 1 bellow travels from point </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">to point </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. If the ray originated at </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, it would travel to the left along line </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BA </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">to reach point </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, and the reflected part would point downward and to the left in the glass.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNYCDhW_KI/AAAAAAAAAGc/boh1NxRHT-I/s1600/figure+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="146" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNYCDhW_KI/AAAAAAAAAGc/boh1NxRHT-I/s320/figure+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure 1. </span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(a) A ray obliquely incident on an air–glass interface. The refracted ray is bent toward the normal because </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<sub>2</sub> > v<sub>1</sub></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. All rays and the normal lie in the same plane. (b) Light incident on the Lucite block bends both when it enters the block and when it leaves the block.</span></i><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">From Equation (1), we can infer that when light moves from a material in which its speed is high to a material in which its speed is lower, as shown in Figure 2, the angle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">of refraction </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">&</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">is less than the angle of incidence </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">&</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, and the ray is bent </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">toward </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">the normal. If the ray moves from a material in which light moves slowly to a material in which it moves more rapidly, as illustrated in Figure 2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">θ</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">is greater than </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">θ<sub>1</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, and the ray is bent </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">away </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">from the normal. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNYDppYmgI/AAAAAAAAAGg/9L_htPaitwI/s1600/figure+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="183" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNYDppYmgI/AAAAAAAAAGg/9L_htPaitwI/s320/figure+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure 2. </span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(a) When the light beam moves from air into glass, the light slows down on entering the glass and its path is bent toward the normal. (b) When the beam moves from glass into air, the light speeds up on entering the air and its path is bent away from the normal.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The behavior of light as it passes from air into another substance and then reemerges into air is often a source of confusion to students. When light travels in air, its speed is 3.00 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">x</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10<sup>8</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m/s, but this speed is reduced to approximately 2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">x</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10<sup>8</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m/s when the light enters a block of glass. When the light re-emerges into air, its speed instantaneously increases to its original value of 3.00 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">x</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10<sup>8</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m/s. This is far different from what happens, for example, when a bullet is fired through a block of wood. In this case, the speed of the bullet is reduced as it moves through the wood because some of its original energy is used to tear apart the wood fibers. When the bullet enters the air once again, it emerges at the speed it had just before leaving the block of wood.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="height: 48px; left: 0px; margin-left: 453px; margin-top: 77px; position: absolute; width: 79px; z-index: 2;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="48" style="vertical-align: top;" width="79"><span style="left: 167px; position: absolute; top: -20px; z-index: 2;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(2)</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In general, the speed of light in any material is </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">less </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">than its speed in vacuum. In fact, </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">light travels at its maximum speed in vacuum. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">It is convenient to define the </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">index of refraction </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">of a medium to be the ratio:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNX9FZnRbI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/cYdxNSbk6aI/s1600/Equation+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNX9FZnRbI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/cYdxNSbk6aI/s1600/Equation+2.JPG" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">From this definition, we see that the index of refraction is a dimensionless number greater than unity because </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">is always less than </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Furthermore, </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">is equal to unity for vacuum.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="height: 49px; left: 0px; margin-left: 453px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 79px; z-index: 3;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="49" style="vertical-align: top;" width="79"><span style="left: 169px; position: absolute; top: 4px; z-index: 3;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(3)</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Then, the experimental formula that was discovered by Willebrord Snell is:</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -9pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n</span></i><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sin </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">θ</span></i><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = <i>n</i><sub>2</sub> sin <i>θ</i><sub>2</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 48px; left: 0px; margin-left: 454px; margin-top: 14px; position: absolute; width: 79px; z-index: 4;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="48" style="vertical-align: top;" width="79"><span style="left: 170px; position: absolute; top: 14px; z-index: 4;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(4)</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">and for finding the translation of the refracted light we use formula:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNYAblDs8I/AAAAAAAAAGY/0e-sRLvfliI/s1600/Equation+4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNYAblDs8I/AAAAAAAAAGY/0e-sRLvfliI/s1600/Equation+4.JPG" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNY2lEZJoI/AAAAAAAAAGk/1deYP8eXKJ8/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6015723324605040238&postID=3017049946305344868" name="OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diffraction is an incident where the wave is maximized at the shore of the narrow slit and light resistor. Light is not more traveling by the straight line path, and this case is causing the light interference so that image at the shore of the light resistance is noisy. The diffraction also limits the small-size of the seen object and the accuracy of the measurement.</span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">If a ray is parallel with the wave length </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">λ</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> that is directed perpendicularly to the <i>s</i> size of a gap, it will be created is the pattern of diffraction behind of the gap. In the angles of <i>θ</i><sub>n</sub> (calculated to direction of incoming ray), there will be the dark gaps if:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNVKdDe3AI/AAAAAAAAAF0/B6xp7yYjLjE/s1600/equation+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNVKdDe3AI/AAAAAAAAAF0/B6xp7yYjLjE/s1600/equation+1.JPG" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">where <i>n</i> = 1,2,3,... show the dark region.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diffraction also caused the resolution limits of two objects. When we observe two contiguous objects by an optic tool, so the diffraction pattern that is caused by the aperture, will limit our ability to differentiate the objects. In order to see the both of objects separately, the angle of </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">θ</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> that is created on the object ought to more than the critical angle of <i>θ</i><sub>c</sub>, as formula:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNVMSQ9RUI/AAAAAAAAAF4/6b9ZpqZkJAE/s1600/Equation+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNVMSQ9RUI/AAAAAAAAAF4/6b9ZpqZkJAE/s1600/Equation+2.JPG" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">where <i>D</i> is the diameter of diaphragm, and </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">λ</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> is the length of light wave. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Shortly, it will be impossible to see an object that smaller than the wave length of used light. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The diffraction grating consist to parallel and identical slits in the great numbers with the distance between slits is named as constant <i>d</i>. If the wave by length <i>λ</i> is directed perpendicularly to the grating by constant <i>d</i>, it will be created the light region beside the split with <i>θ</i><sub>n</sub> (according to the direction of incoming ray), as formula:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNVNk29V2I/AAAAAAAAAF8/YcV6lndwUR8/s1600/equation+3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNVNk29V2I/AAAAAAAAAF8/YcV6lndwUR8/s1600/equation+3.JPG" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">where <i>n</i> = 1,2,3,…show the order of light diffraction.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This equation also obeys in the maximum main line on the interference pattern with two and three slits. The diffraction pattern will be more complex, if the slits are large enough so there are some minimum lines in the pattern of single-split diffraction.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Let us consider a common situation that of light passing through a narrow opening modeled as a slit, and projected onto a screen. To simplify our analysis, we assume that the observing screen is far from the slit, so that the rays reaching the screen are approximately parallel. This can also be achieved experimentally by using a converging lens to focus the parallel rays on a nearby screen. In this model, the pattern on the screen is called a </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fraunhofer diffraction pattern.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNVRvPnnQI/AAAAAAAAAGE/YOZ3oqbBdSg/s1600/Figure+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="311" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNVRvPnnQI/AAAAAAAAAGE/YOZ3oqbBdSg/s320/Figure+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure.1. </span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(a) Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a single slit. The pattern consists of a central bright fringe flanked by much weaker maxima alternating with dark fringes. (Drawing not to scale.) (b) Photograph of a single-slit Fraunhofer diffraction pattern.</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Because light beam contains only a single wavelength, then only one pair of spots that appear on the screen on each order. But if the experiment is performed with light of five colors, then there are couple spots in each order a number of wavelengths contained in the light of the source. The diffraction angle θ for each wavelength is given by equation (1). We will look at results like this when using white light from incandescent lamp instead of laser light. If the distance between the screen and slit spacing<i> l</i> and n bright of light into the center is <i>p</i>, then the equation for the light to n is:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNVPNTBs5I/AAAAAAAAAGA/xgRGLonjGmU/s1600/equation+4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNVPNTBs5I/AAAAAAAAAGA/xgRGLonjGmU/s1600/equation+4.JPG" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNV57OIyrI/AAAAAAAAAGI/KwNDZoqqR-A/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNV57OIyrI/AAAAAAAAAGI/KwNDZoqqR-A/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://adf.ly/BwkH">Download Experiment Report</a> </div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6015723324605040238-3017049946305344868?l=physicsexplorer.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Made Krisna Wisesa Yudahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524909912113873568blue.unicornboy@gmail.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015723324605040238.post-3414804481056345742010-11-28T23:09:00.000-08:002010-12-01T08:49:09.190-08:002010-12-01T08:49:09.190-08:00Social Learning Theory<div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">The process of education is a process of acquiring knowledge of the sources of knowledge, both oral and written sources, which is done by students as subjects in the acquisition of information and knowledge. So, in education would involve the existence of a learning process. Learning is often defined as the addition, expansion, and deepening of knowledge, values and attitudes and skills. Learning is an enduring ability and not from the growth process. (Gagne, 1985) The learning process also known various learning theories that simplify the process of education can be said to run optimally and effectively where the learning process, students as actors in the acquisition information able to obtain the maximum information from the source of information and knowledge learned. This can be met by applying these learning theories that explain the process of extracting information by the brain. In this case, the technical term stimulus and response. The stimulus is a stimulus received by a person both internally and externally that tend guide it to perform a behavior. Meanwhile, the response is the reaction of a person due to the stimulus directed at her.</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Social learning theory is one theory of learning that can support the optimization of the learning process. The theory is a refinement of classical learning theory of behaviorism, in which these theories attempt to explain the interaction between behavior, environment and human personality (internal factors). Not the same as learning theory behaviorism which only tend to refer to the student's behavior as a response from the stimulus provided by the teacher, so that learning theory is very difficult to apply in real life. There can be no one person is constantly present at all times to give gifts to the visibility of the desired behavior in order to ensure the increasing frequency of emergence of these behaviors. </span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">The theory of learning which are often used in the levels of education still applied-learning theory is still a classic Behavioristic, where students do the learning process after obtaining the stimulus in the form of instructions from his teacher. In this case, the discussion of the teacher is still too limited the scope of knowledge of students, so few opportunities for creative students to apply what they learn. Thus, students are still too fixated on the theories presented by the teacher.</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">In order for the scope of students' knowledge is not too limited, it is necessary to the interaction between behavior, environment and internal factors that affect their personal perceptions, as described in social learning theory.</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNRhNt2qqI/AAAAAAAAAFw/cpj7f419lVM/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNRhNt2qqI/AAAAAAAAAFw/cpj7f419lVM/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://adf.ly/AeNq">Download Full PDF(in Indonesian Language)</a></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6015723324605040238-341480448105634574?l=physicsexplorer.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Made Krisna Wisesa Yudahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524909912113873568blue.unicornboy@gmail.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015723324605040238.post-27593858796178901222010-11-28T23:06:00.000-08:002010-12-01T08:50:12.825-08:002010-12-01T08:50:12.825-08:00Teachers and Lecturers as Professional Educators<div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Educators have two meanings, namely a broad sense and narrow sense. Educators in the broad sense is a person who is obliged to foster children. Naturally all the children, before they mature to receive guidance from the adults so that they can develop and grow naturally. Because humans are naturally also require supervision of children like that because he provided so little instinct to preserve his life. In this case, people are obliged to foster children naturally are their parents and the community respectively. Meanwhile, educators in the narrow sense are those who prepared to become a teacher and lecturer. Both types of educator was given a lesson about education in a relatively long time for them to master knowledge and skills that their field work. Educators are not sufficiently studied at the college just before being appointed to teachers or lecturers. But also learned and taught during their work, for they will increased their professionalization.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Teachers and lecturers are professional officers, because they were given professional allowances. Although they are formally as professional officers, many people who doubt their professionalism, especially the teachers. This is because (1) teachers and lecturers do not give jobs to their decision, and (2) according to the society, the work can be done to educate everyone, not just teachers. Regarding the first reason above, may not be too burdensome because it can still be improved. In addition, not all officials other professionals working satisfactorily. But for the second reason, it needs more serious attention because of this that gives the main features of a professional office. A professional positions usually say if they can do their job well and certainly not a professional job can be done by just anyone. Only the concerned officials who have special skills in the sector to be able to do his duty so called professional officials.</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNRBZ70W7I/AAAAAAAAAFs/5SoSXUN26dE/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNRBZ70W7I/AAAAAAAAAFs/5SoSXUN26dE/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://adf.ly/AeMs">Download Full PDF (in Indonesian Language)</a></span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6015723324605040238-2759385879617890122?l=physicsexplorer.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Made Krisna Wisesa Yudahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524909912113873568blue.unicornboy@gmail.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015723324605040238.post-55829680413132613952010-11-28T23:01:00.000-08:002010-12-01T08:50:36.929-08:002010-12-01T08:50:36.929-08:00INQUIRY BASED LEARNING<div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">The learning process involves a process <i>transfer of learning </i>from educators to the students. In the classical learning, <i>transfer of learning</i> only occur between educators and learners. However, in more advanced learning, <i>transfer of learning </i>occurred on learners and all the resources that enable science. Learning methods are more appropriate to implement it is inquiry method based on discovery learning theory.</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">With the method inquiry the role of teacher in learning more allows the creation of a more conducive learning conditions such as giving students the opportunity more active role in managing the information, think critically and responsibly.</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">It is more important is the motivation to study. Motivation to learn each person, one to another is not the same. Motivation to learn more dominant depending on one's internal factors. Mals According to Low, 5 factors that affect one's learning motivation are:</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></b><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;"><b>Physiological needs</b>, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;"><b>Safety needs</b>, both mentally, physically, and intellectually</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;"><b>Love needs</b><i> </i>they've received</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;"><b>Self esteem needs</b>. Examples of prestige to own a car or a luxury home, office, and others.</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;"><b>Self actualization</b>, availability of opportunity for someone to develop the potential inherent in themselves so that turned into a real capability.</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">After the basic needs of students can be met, then we may consider tips to consider in supporting the learning process. The most important tips you need to do is explore the potential of students, including pre-conception by providing opportunities for students to discover the concepts according to what they experienced during the experience of the concept, for example, in assessing their own experiments or literature. Thus, in this case the teacher is a facilitator of learning.</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">In conventional learning with more traditional curriculum, the learning is not accompanied with the search student preconceptions. However, in more advanced learning teachers are required to track students 'preconceptions and know whether the preconceptions held by students' misconceptions or not. This can be realized either by applying the learning method inquiry based on discovery learning theory that takes into account students' cognitive factors.</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNPycSPd2I/AAAAAAAAAFo/6NpoMqy-tn8/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNPycSPd2I/AAAAAAAAAFo/6NpoMqy-tn8/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://adf.ly/AeLl">Download Full PDF(in Indonesian Language)</a></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6015723324605040238-5582968041313261395?l=physicsexplorer.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Made Krisna Wisesa Yudahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524909912113873568blue.unicornboy@gmail.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015723324605040238.post-46329413145830661882010-11-28T22:55:00.000-08:002010-12-01T08:56:07.201-08:002010-12-01T08:56:07.201-08:00STANDARD OF PROFESSIONALISM DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC TEACHERS<div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 150%;">We have entered the 21st century, known as the knowledge century. The future forecasters(<i>futurist</i>) said that as the century of knowledge because knowledge would become a cornerstone of all aspects of life (Trilling and Hood, 1999). Century is an era of knowledge to the demands of a more complex and challenging. An era with certain specifications that are very large influence on the education and employment. The changes that occur in addition due to extremely rapid technological development, also caused by extraordinary developments in science, psychology, and the transformation of cultural values. The outcome was a shift in perspective of human to human, way of looking at education, changes in the role of parents / teachers / lecturers, as well as changes in the pattern of relations between them.<span class="hidenpost"></span></span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 150%;">Trilling and Hood (1999) suggested that the primary concern of education in the 21st century is to prepare to live and work for the community. It's time for a moment turned towards the wide-angle view of the main roles will increasingly be played by learning and education in a knowledge-based society.</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 150%;">Deterioration of our education has been felt for many years, where the curriculum repeatedly identified as the problem. This is reflected by the effort to change the curriculum started in 1975 replaced by a curriculum curriculum 1984, then replaced again with the 1994 curriculum. Nasanius (1998) revealed that the deterioration of education is not caused by the curriculum but by the lack of professionalism of teachers and the reluctance of student learning. Professionalism as a support teacher fluency in performing their duties, is strongly influenced by two major factors are internal factors that include interest and aptitude and external factors that is associated with the environment, infrastructure, and various exercises that teachers do. (Sumargi, 1996) Professionalism and teachers education personnel remain inadequate in terms of its main scientific fields. For example, Biology teachers can teach Chemistry or Physics. Or social studies teachers to teach Indonesian. Indeed the number of educators in quantitative enough, but the quality and professionalism has not been in line with expectations. Many of them are not qualified and the wrong material convey that they are not or less able to present and provide education that is really good quality (Dahrin, 2000).</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 150%;">Many factors cause the lack of professionalism of a teacher, so the government has been trying for teachers who perform in the century of knowledge is the teacher who really professionals who are able to anticipate the challenges in education especially in science.</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNOWIL_GQI/AAAAAAAAAFk/pEQeuoCEF8E/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TPNOWIL_GQI/AAAAAAAAAFk/pEQeuoCEF8E/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://adf.ly/AeKb">Download Full PDF (in Indonesian Language)</a></span></div></div><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%E2%80%99http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php%E2%80%99" name="’fb_share’" rel="”nofollow”" title="’Share" type="’button_count’"></a><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6015723324605040238-4632941314583066188?l=physicsexplorer.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Made Krisna Wisesa Yudahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524909912113873568blue.unicornboy@gmail.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015723324605040238.post-20167029705653919512010-11-17T03:55:00.000-08:002010-12-01T09:04:27.271-08:002010-12-01T09:04:27.271-08:00NASA's Chandra Satellite Discover the Nearest Black Hole<m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">ScienceDaily (Nov. 15, 2010) — Astronomers use NASA Chandra X-ray Observatory have found evidence of the youngest black hole known to exist in our cosmic neighborhood. Black hole of 30 years provides a unique opportunity to observe the object type that develops from the initial phase.</span></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TOPCI29tITI/AAAAAAAAAEM/YbvnBDQBvbc/s1600/Satelit+Chandra+Milik+NASA+Menemukan+Lubang+Hitam+Terdekat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TOPCI29tITI/AAAAAAAAAEM/YbvnBDQBvbc/s1600/Satelit+Chandra+Milik+NASA+Menemukan+Lubang+Hitam+Terdekat.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">Black holes may help scientists better understand how massive stars explode, whether the remaining arrives in the form of a black hole or neutron star, and how many black holes that exist in our galaxy and other galaxies.</span></div><div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">The object of this 30-year-old is a remnant of SN 1979C (a supernova in the galaxy M100 about 50 million light years from Earth). Data from the Chandra (NASA's Swift satellite), the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton and the German Rosat observatory revealed that there are bright sources of X-rays which remained stable during the observation done since 1995 until 2007. This indicates that the object is a black hole which is formed either by the material that interested in it that come from supernovae or binary companion.</span></div><div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">"If our interpretation is correct, then this is the closest example of the birth of a black hole that can be observed," said Daniel Patnaude of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., who led the research.</span><span lang="IN"></span></div><div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">Scientists think SN 1979C was first discovered by an amateur astronaut in 1979 and formed when the collapse of a star about 20 times bigger than the sun. Many new black hole in the universe have been detected much earlier in the form of gamma-ray burst / Gamma-ray bursts (GRB).</span><span lang="IN"></span></div><div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">However, SN 1979C is different because it is much more closely and included in the class was not associated with GRB supernovae. Existing theory predicts that most of the black hole in the universe should be formed when the core of the star sebauah GRB destroyed and not produced.</span><span lang="IN"></span></div><div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">"It's probably the first observation of how black holes formed," said co-author Abraham Loeb, who is also from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. "However, it is very difficult to detect this type of birth of a black hole because it requires X-ray observations during several decades (decades) for all this. "</span><span lang="IN"></span></div><div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The idea of observing a black hole about 30 years old, are in accordance with the facts of recent theoretical. In 2005, the theory presented in that light optical light from a supernova is powered by a jet from a black hole that can not penetrate the hydrogen to form a GRB star. These results were seen in the observations of SN 1979C is so in accordance with the theory.<span lang="IN"></span></div><div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">Although the evidence points to a newly formed black hole in SN 1979C, another interesting possibility is that a young neutron star that spins faster with a strong solar wind of high energy particles can affect the X-ray emission. This will make objects in SN 1979C as a "pulsar wind nebula" and the youngest neutron star known. Pulsar is a source of radio waves in space. The most famous example is the Crab Pulsar as a pulsar wind nebula is brightest around 950 years old.</span><span lang="IN"></span></div><div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">"This is very useful to see how the consistency of some of the most advanced telescope in space, such as Chandra, who can help solve this case," said Jon Morse, Astrophysics Division at NASA's Science Mission Directorate.</span><span lang="IN"></span></div><div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">The results of this study will appear in the journal New Astronomy, written Patnaude, Loeb, and Christine Jones of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in HuntsvilleAla, managing programs for the institute Chandra Science Mission Directorate in Washington. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory controls Chandra science and flight operations from Cambridge.</span><span lang="IN"></span></div><div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">For more information about Chandra, including images and other multimedia, visit </span><a href="http://chandra.nasa.gov/" title="http://chandra.nasa.gov"><span lang="IN">http://chandra.nasa.gov</span></a> and <a href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/" title="http://chandra.harvard.edu"><span lang="IN">http://chandra.harvard.edu</span></a></div><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">(Source: <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101115151623.htm">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101115151623.htm</a>)</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TOPCaXHDIcI/AAAAAAAAAEQ/vNnAndAp-KE/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TOPCaXHDIcI/AAAAAAAAAEQ/vNnAndAp-KE/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> <a href="http://adf.ly/BKFZ">Download PDF (Indonesian Language)</a> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6015723324605040238-2016702970565391951?l=physicsexplorer.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Made Krisna Wisesa Yudahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524909912113873568blue.unicornboy@gmail.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015723324605040238.post-79392523581837117572010-11-11T05:57:00.000-08:002010-12-01T09:05:13.943-08:002010-12-01T09:05:13.943-08:00The New Technique for Learning The Dark Energy of Universe<div class="fullpost" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="date"><i><a href="http://adf.ly/ArIn">ScienceDaily</a> (July 23, 2010)</i></span><i> — </i></span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Pioneering observations by <a href="http://adf.ly/ArID">National Science Foundation</a>'s giant Robert C. Byrd <a href="http://adf.ly/ArJ2">Green Bank Telescope (GBT)</a> has given astronomers a new tool for mapping the structure of the macrocosm. This new tool promises to provide valuable clues about the nature of "dark energy" believed to be mysterious is almost three-quarters of the mass and energy of the universe.</i></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TNv15W9D2OI/AAAAAAAAADk/Lp5HJox81d0/s1600/Teknik+Baru+untuk+Mempelajari+Energi+Gelap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TNv15W9D2OI/AAAAAAAAADk/Lp5HJox81d0/s1600/Teknik+Baru+untuk+Mempelajari+Energi+Gelap.jpg" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://adf.ly/ArIw"><i>Dark Energy</i></a> is a label that scientists have to explain what is causing the universe to grow at accelerating rates. While the acceleration was discovered in 1998, the cause is still unknown. Physicists have developed competing theories to explain the acceleration, and believe that the best way to test these theories is to measure precisely the large-scale cosmic structure.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sound waves in matter-energy soup very early universe is thought to have left traces were detected in large-scale distribution of galaxies in the universe. The researchers developed a way to measure these trace by observing radio emissions from hydrogen gas. Their technique is called <i>intensity mapping. </i>When applied to an area larger than the universe, it can reveal how such a large-scale structure has changed over the last several billions of years and provide insight that the theory of dark energy is the most accurate.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;">"Our project to map the hydrogen gas to a larger cosmic distances than ever before, and showed that the technique we developed can be used in large volumes from the map of the Universe in three dimensions and to test competing theories about dark energy, "said Tzu-Ching Chang, from Academia Sinica in Taiwan and <a href="http://adf.ly/ArIX">University of Toronto</a>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;">To get their results, the researchers used the GBT to study the sky that had been surveyed in detail in the visible by <i>telescope Keck II</i> in Hawaii. The survey uses optical <a href="http://spektroskopi/"><i>spectroscopy</i></a> to map the locations of thousands of galaxies in three dimensions. With the GBT, not looking in the hydrogen gas, an individual galaxy far - a daunting challenge beyond current technical capabilities instruments - a team that uses their intensity mapping technique to collect radio waves emitted by hydrogen gas in bulk volume of space, including many galaxies.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;">"Since the beginning of the 20th century, astronomers have traced the expansion of the universe by observing galaxies. Our new technique allows us to ignore the step and the detection of galactic radio emission collected from thousands of galaxies within a given time, and any other material that glow faintly between them, "said Jeffrey Peterson, from <a href="http://adf.ly/ArIQ%20">Carnegie Mellon University</a>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;">The astronomers also developed new techniques issued from both man-made radio waves and radio emissions caused by astronomical sources closer, leaving only a very faint radio waves coming from hydrogen gas that is very far away. The result is a map of part of "<a href="http://adf.ly/ArId"><i>cosmic web</i></a>" which correlates neatly with the structure indicated by previous optical studies. The team was first proposed their intensity mapping technique in 2008, and GBT observations of them as an idea first experiment.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;">"These observations of hydrogen gas detected more than all previously detected hydrogen in the universe, and at a distance of ten times further than previously seen radio waves emitted by hydrogen," said Ue-Li Pen of the University of Toronto.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;">"This is a demonstration of the important technical very promising for future studies on the evolution of large-scale structure in the universe," said Chief Scientist National Radio Astronomy Observatory Chris Carilli, which is not part of the research team.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;">In addition to Chang, Peterson, and Pen, the research team included Kevin Bandura from Carnegie Mellon University. The scientists reported their work in the edition of scientific journals <a href="http://adf.ly/ArJ8">Nature</a> in 22 July.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://adf.ly/ArI6">National Radio Astronomy Observatory</a> is a facility of the National Science Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement with <a href="http://adf.ly/ArIG">Associated Universities, Inc</a>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Source : <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/">http://www.sciencedaily.com/ )</a></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TNv5oLPocFI/AAAAAAAAADs/zX-y6ZKIrAY/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TNv5oLPocFI/AAAAAAAAADs/zX-y6ZKIrAY/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://adf.ly/ArNz"><b><i>Download PDF(In Indonesian Language)</i></b></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6015723324605040238-7939252358183711757?l=physicsexplorer.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Made Krisna Wisesa Yudahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524909912113873568blue.unicornboy@gmail.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015723324605040238.post-30776882018461047332010-11-08T09:48:00.000-08:002010-12-01T09:06:13.593-08:002010-12-01T09:06:13.593-08:00THE EXISTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARD OF SCHOOL IN INDONESIA<div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">The education system is central to development in a country. Human resources are developed through education, so the success of development in a country highly dependent on the education system in the country itself.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">National development in Indonesia is still developing new to say, that in order to compete with countries that are more developed, implemented an education system that need to be developed, at least take some things in the education system conducted in a developed country which would apply in Indonesia by adjusting the conditions of educators and learners in Indonesia. The most important thing to do is change the way learning becomes a way to learn a modern classic in accordance with the demands of globalization that is capable of producing human resources that are competitive internationally. As the revelation of 'think globally, act locally', which in this case means every person should learn not only from their own countries, but also learn from other countries who have advanced in the world that can later be applied in individual countries, such as what is needed in national development . This is what will need to be applied in a learning system. Each student is expected not only to master the academic skills, but also in life skills. Students are taught to be responsible for what they decide and compete internationally. For that, many challenges confronting us, especially concerning the preparation of quality human resources, namely students and instructors.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Birth of the SBI program (Standard School Iternasional) can not be separated from the quality of education in our country which is still alarming. Through the SBI program, the Ministry of National Education is committed to boost the quality of education in order to compete with other schools in the international arena. Indeed, in the arena of science olympiad international level, many Indonesian students who fetched an amazing achievement. In the event-event Olympic IPhO (International Physic Olympiad), IMO (International Mathematic Olympiad), IChO (International Chemistry Olympiad), IBO (International Biology Olympiad) and other event-event, participants are able manyabet gold medal, silver, perunnggu, and HM (Honorable Mention). However, the number of those who are able to achieve very little achievement. It could be argued, the gap in the ability of Indonesian students are too far away, so only some of them are superior, and even then only in the realm of theory. If made the average ability of Indonesian students, then saw the overall academic achievement.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Compared with other countries, learning achievement of Indonesian students are still far behind. This has been confirmed by the Trends Mathematics and Science Survey (TIMSS), which examined the ability of children aged 13 years in the field of mathematics and science. In the TIMSS survey of 2003 which followed 46 countries, Indonesian students ranked 34 for math, and 36 for science. Singapore ranks first both mathematics and science. South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Japan, also dominated the top rankings. While Malaysia's top 10 for math, and 20 for science.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Similar results were also seen in studies conducted by PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), the object of 15-year-old student survey. Three aspects are studied PISA reading, mathematics, and science. In 2003, there were 41 countries surveyed. In the reading and mathematics, Indonesian students ranked 39th, while for science was ranked 38th.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">In line with the portrait blurred learning achievement of children of Indonesia, a similar condition also occurs in the human development index ranking (human development index / HDI), which each year released by the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). In recent years, Indonesia HDI rank almost on par with Vietnam, a country just beginning to rise up to build their country after years of civil war ravaged. HDI ranking of Indonesia from 2003 to 2007, respectively 112, 111, 110, and 108, while Vietnam 109, 112, 108, and 109. Compare with Malasyia the ranking from 2003 to 2007, respectively 58, 59, 61, and 61.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Similarly, the World Bank study in 2003 stated that, the most important factor determining a country's advantage is the ability to innovate, which contribute to 45%, then 25% of networking, 20% technology capabilities, and the last time is a natural resource that contributes only 10%. In this case it can be concluded that the most significant capability is the ability to innovate. This ability is related to the quality of human resources. Many countries such as Finland and Singapore are poor natural resources, but the quality is very good human resources so as to appear as a country that once counted on the world stage.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Based on these facts the government began meggulirkan SBI program and establish pilot schools with international standards as part of efforts to improve the quality of education in Indonesia to be equal with other countries, resulting in graduates who have high competitiveness in the international arena. Based on this also, the author menysun paper entitled 'The existence of the International Standard School in the System of National Development in Indonesia. " </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TNv53XzgTFI/AAAAAAAAADw/ctV5c9yJHOw/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TNv53XzgTFI/AAAAAAAAADw/ctV5c9yJHOw/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <a href="http://adf.ly/AeJN">Download Full PDF in Indonesian Language</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6015723324605040238-3077688201846104733?l=physicsexplorer.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Made Krisna Wisesa Yudahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524909912113873568blue.unicornboy@gmail.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6015723324605040238.post-26251766088969773512010-11-08T05:27:00.000-08:002010-12-01T09:08:28.583-08:002010-12-01T09:08:28.583-08:00TEACHERS ETHIC CODES IN INDONESIA<div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 150%;">With the grace of Almighty God that Indonesian teachers realize that the office of teacher is a honorable and noble profession. Devoted teacher and devoted to the intellectual life of the nation and improve the quality of the Indonesian people who play, pious and noble and master science, technology and art in creating a developed society, just, prosperous, and civilized.</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 150%;">Indonesian Teachers always perform professionally with the primary task of educating, teaching, guiding, directing, training to assess and evaluate students on early childhood education, formal education, basic education and secondary education. Indonesian teachers have high reliability as a major resource to achieve national education goals of developing students' potentials in order to become human beings who believe and fear Allah the Almighty God, noble, healthy, knowledgeable, skilled, creative, independent and become a citizen democratic and accountable. </span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 150%;">Teacher Indonesia is a decent human being replicated in society, nation and state, especially by learners in performing tasks sticking to principles</span><span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 150%;"> “</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span style="line-height: 150%;">ing ngarso sung tulodho, ing madya mangun karso, tut wuri ha</span></i><i><span style="line-height: 150%;">ndayani”</span></i></span><span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 150%;">. In an effort to realize these principles Indonesian teacher when running professional duties in accordance with the development of science and technology.. </span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 150%;">Indonesian </span><span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 150%;">Teachers are responsible to deliver their students to reach maturity as future leaders in all walks of life. To that end, interested parties should not ignore the role of teachers and the profession, for the nation to grow in line with other nations in the developed world, both on the present and the future. Such conditions could suggest that the teachers and the profession is a necessary component of life by this state and nation throughout the ages. Only with the task of teacher professional duties that can be realized acknowledge that meaningful state and nation, esteemed and respected in the association between the peoples of the world.</span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 150%;">Teachers increasingly important role in the global era. Only through the guidance of professional teachers, each student can become qualified human resources, competitive and productive as a national asset in the face of competition are more stringent and severe now and in the future. </span></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 150%;">In carrying out his profession Indonesia is fully aware that teachers need to set Master Code of Indonesia as a guideline to be and behave that manifests in the form of moral values and ethics in the office of teachers as educators sons and daughters of the nation.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: times new roman; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TNv6E_UfGLI/AAAAAAAAAD0/hfIPUb7diXc/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_spUQjUTMZuM/TNv6E_UfGLI/AAAAAAAAAD0/hfIPUb7diXc/s1600/pdf_logo_edited.jpg" /></a></div></div><div style="font-family: times new roman; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://adf.ly/AeMV">Download Full PDF(in Indonesian Language)</a></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6015723324605040238-2625176608896977351?l=physicsexplorer.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Made Krisna Wisesa Yudahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11524909912113873568blue.unicornboy@gmail.com0